Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS)
The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) is one of the primary instruments aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory. VIRS is one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. It also ties in TRMM measurements with other measurements that are made routinely using the meteorological Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites POES) and those that are made using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by the United States.
VIRS, as its name implies, senses radiation coming up from the Earth in five spectral regions, ranging from visible to infrared, or 0.63 to 12 micrometers. VIRS is included in the primary instrument package for two reasons. First is its ability to deliniate rainfall. The second, and even more important reason, is to serve as a transfer standard to other measurements that are made routinely using POES and GOES satellites. The intensity of the radiation in the various spectral regions (or bands) can be used to determine the brightness (visible and near infrared) or temperature (infrared) of the source.
If the sky is clear, the temperature will correspond to that of the surface of the Earth, and if there are clouds, the temperature will tend to be that of the cloud tops. Colder temperatures will produce greater intensities in the shorter wavelength bands, and warmer temperatures will produce greater intensities in the longer wavelength bands. Since colder clouds occur at higher altitudes the measured temperatures are useful as indicators of cloud heights, and the highest clouds can be associated with the presence of rain.
A variety of techniques use the Infrared (IR) images to estimate precipitation. Higher cloud tops are positively correlated with precipitation for convective clouds (generally thunderstorms) which dominate tropical (and therefore global) precipitation accumulations. One notable exception to this rule of thumb are the high cirrus clouds that generally flow out of thunderstorms. These cirrus clouds are high and therefore "cold" in the infrared observations but they do not rain. To differentiate these cirrus clouds from water clouds (cumulonimbus), a technique which involves comparing the two infrared channels at 10.8 and 12.0 micrometers can be employed. Nonetheless, IR techniques usually have significant errors for instantaneous rainfall estimates. The strength of the IR observations lies in the ability to monitor the clouds continuously from geostationary altitude. By comparing the visible and infrared observations on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission with the rainfall estimates of the TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar, it is hoped that much more can be learned about the relationship of the cloud tops as seen from geostationary orbit.
VIRS uses a rotating mirror to scan across the track of the TRMM observatory, thus sweeping out a region 833 kilometers wide as the observatory proceeds along its orbit. Looking straight down (nadir), VIRS can pick out individual cloud features as small as 2.4 kilometers.
VIRS Instrument Summary
Observation Band | 0.63µm; 1.6µm; 3.75µm; 10.8µm and 12µm |
Horizontal Resolution | 2 km(nadir) |
Swath Width | About 833 km |
Scan Mode | Cross-Track Scan |