Articles

In addition to the PMM satellites, TRMM and GPM, roughly a dozen other satellites carry precipitation-relevant sensors. The goal of multi-satellite algorithms is to use “all” of the available quasi-global precipitation estimates computed from this international constellation of satellites to create a High-Resolution Precipitation Product with complete coverage over the chosen domain and period of record (currently 50°N-50°S, 1998-present). Estimates based on microwave and combined radar/radiometer input data have higher quality due to the physically direct relationships that exist between...

Precipitation radiometers provide additional degrees of freedom for interpreting rain and snow in clouds through the use of multiple passive frequencies (9 for TRMM and 13 for GPM). Brightness temperatures at each frequency are a measure of everything in their field of view. These frequencies from the low (10 GHz) end to the high (183 GHz) end transition from being sensitive to liquid rain drops to being sensitive to the snow and ice particles. So, simplifying, when there is liquid rain in the cloud column, the low frequency channels will respond; when there is snow the high frequency channels...

The combined use of coincident active and passive microwave sensor data provides complementary information about the macro and microphysical processes of precipitating clouds which can be used to reduce uncertainties in combined radar/radiometer retrieval algorithms. In simple terms, the combined algorithms use the radiometer signal as a constraint on the attenuation seen by the radar. The combined retrievals produce a hydrometeor profile, particle size distribution and surface parameters for which brightness temperatures and reflectivities are consistent with the actual satellite measurements...

The unique function of precipitation radars is to provide the three-dimensional structure of rainfall, obtaining high quality rainfall estimates over ocean and land. Radar measurements are typically less sensitive to the surface and provide a nearly direct relationship between radar reflectivities and the physical characteristics of the rain and snow in a cloud. Because of the complexities of operating radar in space, limited channels (frequencies) are designed for the instruments. TRMM has a single frequency radar at the Ku-band particularly sensitive to moderate rain rates. With a single...

The Light Precipitation Evaluation Experiment (LPVEx) took place in the Gulf of Finland in September and October, 2010 and collected microphysical properties, associated remote sensing observations, and coordinated model simulations of high latitude precipitation systems to drive the evaluation and development of precipitation algorithms for current and future satellite platforms. In doing so, LPVEx sought to address the general lack of dedicated ground-validation datasets from the ongoing development of new or improved algorithms for detecting and quantifying high latitude rainfall...